The Syrian law protects all forms of human expression including computer software and databases as well as neighboring rights such as performers' rights, audio-visual producers' rights, and broadcasting rights. 

The financial rights of the author are protected throughout his life and for 50 years after the end of the year of his death.

2-3 months.

•Civil Action and Remedies for the Enforcement of Copyright: In civil proceedings seek to restore the injured right holder to his or her former position and prevent any recurrence of the infringing activities. The court may make an award of damages – that is to say, order the infringing party to pay a sum of money – to compensate the right holder for an economic or moral injury suffered through the infringement. As an alternative to damages, the plaintiff may be entitled to recover any profits made by the defendant through the infringing activities.
•Criminal sanctions: Which aim to punish persons who intentionally and on a commercial scale carry out the work 
Piracy on copyright and related rights, and to deter possible infringement, these actions include criminal fines and imprisonment commensurate with the level of penalties applied in respect of offenses.   

The following are not protected:
•Ideas, procedures, methods of work, mathematical concepts, principles, abstract facts, discoveries, and data, but protection applies to the innovative expression of any of them.
•Heavenly books except for their designs and style of writing and recordings of recitations.
•Laws, regulations, judicial decisions, arbitral tribunal rules, international agreements, administrative decisions, and other official documents and official translations thereof.
•News and other events that are characterized as mere press information.

Yes.

Yes.

It would not produce an effect against a third party.

According to the Law of the Protection of Copyright and Related Rights (issued by Legislative Decree No. 62/2013), article (2) grants copyright protection automatically without the need for any formalities to all literary, scientific, and artistic works irrespective of the value of the work, the purpose for which it was created or whether or not it is reduced to a material form.
However, there are several exceptions that allow a copyrighted work to be used without permission as stated in article (33) from The Law of the Protection of Copyright and Related Rights No.62\2016.

Yes.

-Civil Action and Remedies for the Enforcement of Copyright   
Civil proceedings seek to restore the injured right holder to his or her former position and prevent any recurrence of the infringing activities. The court may make an award of damages – that is to say, order the infringing party to pay a sum of money – to compensate the right holder for an economic or moral injury suffered through the infringement. As an alternative to damages, the plaintiff may be entitled to recover any profits made by the defendant through the infringing activities.
-Criminal sanctions aim to punish persons who intentionally and on a commercial scale carry out the work 
Piracy on copyright and related rights, and to deter possible infringement, these actions include 
Criminal fines and imprisonment are commensurate with the level of penalties applied in respect of offenses.   

It’s a case-by-case basis, some require paying remedies, and some may be settled, this matter cannot be determined.

It’s on a case-by-case basis, some require authorization.

Syria is a member of the Bern Convention, though it is possible to file the copyrighted work in Syria as a national application and receive a certificate of filing.